So far the discussion has mainly drawn from studies based on the time-series (a` la intertemporal) properties of exchange rate and price data.

The persistence of real exchange rates is commonly used to infer the validity of PPP. If PPP holds continuously, the real exchange rate is constant.

Arguably, the PPP is the most intensely examined parity condition in international economics.

The law of one price (LOP) states that prices of identical goods from different locations are the same after adjusting for exchange rates.

The notion of purchasing power parity (PPP) has a long intellectual history and can be traced to the 16th-century writings of scholars from the University of Salamanca in Spain.

The proximity-concentration hypothesis provides explanations for FDI between countries with very similar factor proportions, cross-border multiplant configurations. . .

In empirical tests of the proximity-concentration hypothesis, we expect to find the share of affiliate sales in total foreign sales to be positively related to distance/trade costs. . .

Afirm has several modes of servicing an overseas market: exports, FDI, or licensing. In deciding on its overseas expansion strategy. . .

The proximity-concentration hypothesis or trade-off is a way to explain why firms undertake horizontal foreign direct investment (FDI). . .

While advocates of comparative advantage trade predict that dynamic benefitswill accrue to any country, regardless of the specific products they export. . .